Having been involved in fabric planning and sales for over 20 years, I’ve often felt that the distinctions between roles of companies selling fabrics have become increasingly ambiguous. These companies are referred to as manufacturers, converters, wholesalers, trading companies, or original makers.
(Other terms include table manufacturers and brokers as well.)
**Fabric Manufacturer**
As the name suggests, fabric manufacturers are companies that produce fabric. Specifically, they are enterprises with production facilities like looms. Their main clients are often trading companies and converters, although more manufacturers are now selling directly to apparel companies. However, many manufacturers are small-scale operations, so due to staffing constraints, their primary sales remain focused on trading companies and converters.
Among large corporations, **Toray** is perhaps the most well-known. As for the companies registered on our site, examples include **Chuden Wool, Asayoshi Wool, and Otsu Woolen Mills**.
Additionally, there are manufacturers referred to as **“Debata”** (jobbers). These businesses mainly engage in commissioned production, weaving fabrics according to specified standards. They often receive requests from trading companies and converters, as well as from fabric manufacturers unable to weave certain fabrics with their own equipment or lacking sufficient loom capacity.
**Converter**
The term “converter” derives from the English word “convert” and refers to companies that independently design and plan fabrics, but do not own production facilities. They focus solely on sales. In some cases, their role overlaps with original makers and trading companies.
Since the word “convert” implies transformation or originality, this term suits companies that sell with a unique approach. Original makers, who independently select fabrics and take the greige fabric risk, could also be considered converters in this sense.
Among the companies registered on our website, examples of converters include **Daimatsu** and **Shibaya**.
**Wholesaler**
Wholesalers traditionally operated by simply passing products along from one hand to another, but such a business model is no longer viable. To adapt, many have accelerated their fabric development efforts. As a result, wholesalers are now often considered synonymous with converters.
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**Original Makers and Trading Companies**
An **“original maker”** typically refers to companies that collaborate with local production areas to take on the risk of greige fabric or raw material inventory, giving them a competitive edge in selling fabrics. Particularly for post-dyeing fabrics, producing greige fabric requires a minimum lot size of 60 rolls, and often as many as 300 rolls. By holding greige inventory, these companies offer significant advantages to trading companies and apparel brands.
Examples registered on our site include **Matsumi** and **Hikari Trading**.
On the other hand, **trading companies** excel through their vast domestic and international networks, taking risks by stocking raw materials and greige fabrics, and providing color stock fabric. This makes them a highly compatible option for apparel brands. Companies such as **Stylem** and **Takisada Nagoya** are prominent representatives of Japanese trading companies.
Revisiting the Current Distribution Channels: Surprising Insights
When we take a fresh look at the current distribution channels, some interesting observations emerge.
Insight 1
When you hear of a company with a name like "○○ Woolen Mills," most people likely assume it’s a fabric manufacturer based on the name. However, in reality, many such companies do not own production equipment such as looms. Instead, they outsource all weaving processes and compete through their unique raw material development, fabric planning, and design capabilities. In this sense, their role is closer to that of a converter or an original maker trading company.
Insight 2
While manufacturers are companies that produce fabrics, it’s common for them to receive various requests directly from apparel designers when selling fabrics to apparel companies. For example:
- "Don’t you handle polyester taffeta?"
- "If you have wool coat materials, please suggest some options."
Manufacturers cannot produce all types of fabrics. Their specialization often depends on the production region, such as:
- **Nishiwaki**: Focused on cotton and yarn-dyed fabrics.
- **Bishu**: Specializes in wool materials.
- **Hokuriku**: Known for synthetic fabrics.
To meet the demands of apparel designers and boost sales, manufacturers are increasingly purchasing fabrics they cannot produce themselves from fabric makers in other regions and selling them.
This trend aligns closely with the activities of wholesalers and converters, meaning that fabric manufacturers are effectively functioning as converters as well.
Have I been able to convey the message so far? It might be a bit difficult to fully grasp.
To summarize:
By increasingly adopting the roles of converters, fabric manufacturers are evolving while complementing each other’s weaknesses. This is the current state of the distribution channels.
The fabric production regions in Japan are still struggling to emerge from a long and dark tunnel.
However, the techniques of Japanese fabrics are globally recognized and cannot be easily imitated. I firmly believe that by leveraging these techniques and fostering collaboration among companies to share them with the world, a brighter future is surely within reach.